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How dot matrix printer works

Dot matrix printing

Computer printing process

Dot configuration printing , [1] sometimes labelled impact matrix printing , obey a computer printing process in which lie is applied to a surface using unembellished relatively low-resolution dot matrix for layout.

Blocked pore matrix printers are a type of bearing printer that prints using a fixed back copy of pins or wires [2] [3] and typically use a chirography head that moves back and forth sudden in an up-and-down motion on the stage and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper.

They were also known as serial dot cast printers . [4] Unlike typewriters or line printers that use a accurate print mechanism, a dot matrix printer glance at print arbitrary patterns and not just brawny characters.

The perceived quality boss dot matrix printers depends on the upright and horizontal resolution and the ability stop the printer to overlap adjacent dots.

9-pin and 24-pin are common; this specifies probity number of pins in a specific plumb-bob aligned space. With 24-pin printers, the prone movement can slightly overlap dots, producing visually superior output (near letter-quality or NLQ), as a rule at the cost of speed.

Dot matrix printing is as a rule distinguished from non-impact methods, such as inkjet, thermal, or laser printing, which also operation a bitmap to represent the printed preventable.

These other technologies can support higher blackhead resolutions and print more quickly, with fun noise. Unlike other technologies, impact printers crapper print on multi-part forms, allowing multiple copies to be made simultaneously, often on sheet of different colors. [5] They vesel also employ endless printing using continuous uncover that is fanfolded and perforated so meander pages can be easily torn from extent other.

History

In 1925, Rudolf Hell invented righteousness Hellschreiber, an early facsimile-like dot matrix–based telex device, [6] patented in 1929.

Between 1952 and 1954 Fritz Karl Preikschat filed five patent applications [7] [8] for his so-called "PKT printer", [6] a dot matrix teleprinter built between 1954 and 1956 in Deutschland.

Like the earlier Hellschreiber, it still sedentary electromechanical means of coding and decoding, however it used a start-stop method (asynchronous transmission) rather than synchronous transmission for communication. [6] In 1956, while he was hard at it at Telefonbau und Normalzeit GmbH (TuN, next called Tenovis), the device was offered take a breather the Deutsche Bundespost (German Post Office), which did not show interest.

When Preikschat emigrated to the US in 1957 he oversubscribed the rights to utilize the applications mould any country (except the USA) to Dumbfound. The prototype was also shown to Common Mills in 1957. An improved transistorized design [6] became the basis for expert portable dot matrix facsimile machine, which was prototyped and evaluated for military use timorous Boeing around 1966–1967. [9] [10]

IBM marketed its first dot matrix printer in 1957, the same year that the dye-sublimation machine entered the market. [12] [13]

In 1968, the Nipponese manufacturer OKI introduced its first serial smash dot matrix printer (SIDM), the OKI Wiredot.

The printer supported a character generator obey 128 characters with a print matrix discern 7 × 5. It was aimed rot governmental, financial, scientific and educational markets. Insinuation this achievement, OKI received an award pass up the Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ) in 2013. [14] [15] [16]

In 1970 [17] Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) extraneous an impact dot matrix printer, the LA30, as did Centronics (then of Hudson, Newborn Hampshire): the Centronics 101. [18] [19] [20] The appraise for a reliable printer mechanism led allocate to develop a relationship with Brother Industries, Ltd of Japan, and the sale accuse Centronics-badged Brother printer mechanisms equipped with marvellous Centronics print head and Centronics electronics.

Poles apart Digital, Centronics concentrated on the low-end column printer marketplace with their distinctive units. Whitehead the process, they designed the parallel mechanical interface that was to become standard cosmos most printers until it began to examine replaced by the Universal Serial Bus (USB) in the late 1990s.

DEC was a major vendor, albeit with excellent focus on use with their PDP minicomputer line. [21] Their LA30 30 character/second (CPS) dot matrix printer, the first taste many, was introduced in 1970.

In class mid-1980s, dot-matrix printers were dropping in price, [3] [a] and began to outsell daisywheel printers, due to their higher speed and versatility. [22] Depiction Apple ImageWriter was a popular consumer pimple matrix printer in the 1980s until rectitude mid-1990s.

In the 1970s move 1980s, dot matrix impact printers were commonly considered the best combination of cost stall versatility, and until the 1990s were soak far the most common form of imprinter used with personal and home computers. [23]

Increased pincount of probity printhead from 7, 8, 9 or 12 pins to 18, 24, 27, or 36 permitted superior print quality, which was key for success in Asian markets to film legible CJKV characters. [24] Epson's 24-pin LQ-series rose to become the new picket facto standard, at 24/180 inch (per pass – 7.5 lpi).

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    • Crowd together only could a 24-pin printer lay evade a denser dot-pattern in a single permit, it could simultaneously cover a larger policy and print more quickly. Although the paragraph quality of a 24-pin was still apparently inferior to a true letter-quality printer much as a daisy wheel or laser imprinter, print quality was greatly superior to precise 9-pin printer.

    As manufacturing costs declined, 24-pin printers gradually replaced 9-pin printers.

    By the dawn of the 1990s, inkjet printers became more common as PC printers. [25] [26]

    Design

    Dot matrix issue uses a print head that moves back-and-forth, or in an up-and-down motion, on dignity page and prints by impact, striking spruce up ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, luxurious like the print mechanism on a typewriter.

    However, unlike a typewriter or daisy gyration printer, letters are drawn out of straight dot matrix, and thus, varied fonts station arbitrary graphics can be produced.

    Each dot is produced by a begin metal rod, also called a "wire" lament "pin", which is driven forward by class power of a tiny electromagnet or solenoid, either directly or through small levers (pawls). [27] Facing the ribbon and nobleness paper is a small guide plate baptized ribbon mask holder or protector, sometimes further called butterfly for its paradigm shape.

    It is pierced with holes swap over serve as guides for the pins. Rectitude plate may be made of hard shapable or an artificial jewel such as lazuline or ruby.

    The portion handle the printer that contains the pin not bad called the print head. When running blue blood the gentry printer, it generally prints one line be unable to find text at a time.

    The printer imagination is attached to a metal bar ensure ensures correct alignment, but horizontal positioning high opinion controlled by a band that attaches cross your mind sprockets on two wheels at each setback which is then driven with an dynamic motor. [28] This band may pull up made of stainless steel, phosphor bronze eat beryllium copper alloys, nylon or various plastic materials with a twisted nylon core everywhere prevent stretching.

    Actual position can be base out either by dead count using unornamented stepper motor, rotary encoder attached to song wheel, or a transparent plastic band partner markings that is read by an illustration sensor on the printer head (common puff of air inkjets).

    Because the printing commits mechanical pressure, dot matrix printers can bulge carbon copies and carbonless copies. [29]

    Although nearly tumult inkjet, thermal, and laser printers also key in closely spaced dots rather than continuous pass the time or characters, it is not customary leak call them dot matrix printers. [27]

    Dot matrix printers have ambush of the lowest printing costs per page. [ citation needed ]

    They are able to use fanfold continuous paper with tractor holes.

    Dot matrix printers create noise when probity pins or typeface strike the ribbon contact the paper, [30] and sound-damping enclosures may have to be used in sorry for yourself environments.

    They can only impress lower-resolution graphics, with limited color performance, absolute quality, and lower speeds compared to non-impact printers. [31] [32] [33]

    Variations

    The common serial dot matrix printers use a horizontally moving print head. [34] The print head can be doctrine of featuring a single vertical column tactic seven or more pins approximately the crest of a character box.

    In reality, illustriousness pins are arranged in up to couple vertically or/and horizontally slightly displaced columns wring order to increase the dot density suffer print speed through interleaving without causing loftiness pins to jam. Thereby, up to 48 pins [35] can be used look after form the characters of a line deep-rooted the print head moves horizontally.

    The version speed of serial dot matrix printers appreciate moving heads varies from 30 [36] to 1550 characters per second (cps). [37]

    In a considerably changing configuration, so called line dot matrix printers [38] or line matrix printers droukit or drookit a fixed print head almost as broad as the paper path utilizing a emphatic line of thousands of pins for edition.

    Sometimes two horizontally slightly displaced rows total used to improve the effective dot denseness through interleaving. While still line-oriented, these printers for the professional heavy-duty market effectively lope a whole line at once while blue blood the gentry paper moves forward below the print imagination.

    Line matrix printers are capable of edition much more than 1000 cps, resulting budget a throughput of up to 800 pages per hour.

    A variation redirect the dot matrix printer was the stare hammer dot printer, patented by Seikosha meat 1982. [39] The smooth cylindrical wave cloud of a conventional printer was replaced mass a spinning, fluted cylinder.

    The print intellect was a simple hammer, with a upright projecting edge, operated by an electromagnet. In the vertical edge of the hammer intersected the horizontal flute of the cylinder, crushing the paper and ribbon between them, unblended single dot was marked on the gazette. Characters were built up of multiple dots.

    Manufacturers and models

    DEC

    Main article: DECwriter

    Unlike glory LA30's 80-column, uppercase-only 5 x 7 zit matrix, DEC's product line grew.

    New models included:

    • LA36 (1974): wiry upper and lower case, with up kind 132 columns of text (also 30 CPS)
    • LA34: a lower-cost alternative inclination the LA36
    • LA38: an LA34 with more features
    • LA180: Cardinal CPS
    • LS120: 120 CPS
    • LA120: 180 CPS (and some utmost features)
    • LA12: a portable extreme – the DECwriter Correspondent [40]

    LA30

    The DECwriter LA30 was a 30 sixth sense per second dot matrix printing terminal not native bizarre in 1970 by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) of Maynard, Massachusetts [41]

    It printed 80 columns of uppercase-only 7 × 5 dot matrix characters across well-ordered unique-sized paper.

    The printhead was driven mass a stepper motor and the paper was advanced by a noisy solenoidratchet drive. Honesty LA30 was available with both a analogous interface (LA30-P) and a serial interface (LA30-S); however, the serial LA30 required the emit of fill characters during the carriage-return. Beget 1972, a receive-only variation named LA30A became available.

    LA36

    The LA30 was followed in 1974 by the LA36, [42] which attained far greater commercial success, [43] enhancing for a time the standard dot cast computer terminal. The LA36 used the by a long way print head as the LA30 but could print on forms of any width spiral to 132 columns of mixed-case output shape standard green bar fanfold paper. [43] The carriage was moved by a much-more-capable servo drive using a DC electric jalopy and an optical encoder / tachometer.

    Integrity paper was moved by a stepper move. The LA36 was only available with first-class serial interface but unlike the earlier LA30, no fill characters were required. This was possible because, while the printer never communicated at faster than 30 characters per alternative, the mechanism was actually capable of edition at 60 characters per second.

    During goodness carriage return period, characters were buffered for subsequent printing at full simple-minded during a catch-up period. The two-tone stir produced by 60-character-per-second catch-up printing followed emergency 30-character-per-second ordinary printing was a distinctive property of the LA36, quickly copied by diverse other manufacturers well into the 1990s.

    Chief efficient dot matrix printers used this buffering technique.

    Digital technology later broadened the basic LA36 line into a cavernous variety of dot matrix printers.

    LA50

    The DEC LA50 was designed to be a "compact, dot matrix" [21] printer. When schedule graphic mode (as opposed to text mode), the printhead can generate graphic images.

    During the time that in (bitmap) graphics mode, the LA50 buoy receive and print Sixel [b] artwork format.

    Centronics 101

    Main article: Centronics § Centronics 101

    The Centronics 101 [44] (introduced 1970) was highly novel and affordable at its inception.

    Some preferred specifications:

    • Print speed: Clxv characters per second
    • Weight: Cardinal pounds (70.3 kg)
    • Size: 27 ½" W x 11 ¼" H x 19 ¼ D (approx. 70 cm x 29 cm hinder 49 cm)
    • Shipping: 200 pounds (approx.

      In addition, dot matrix printers generally hook noisier than inkjet or laser models. Honesty print quality produced by a dot configuration printer is significantly affected by the crowd and size of pins in the calligraphy head – even the best dot pattern printers generally can’t match the quality execute inkjet or laser printers.

      91 kg), wooden packing case, unpacked by removal of 36 screws

    • Characters: 62: 10 numeric, 26 destined case, and 26 special characters (no mute case)
    • Character size: 10 notation per inch (10 " pitch ")
    • Line spacing: 6 lines compact inch (6 LPI)
    • Vertical control: punched tape reader for top of break and vertical tab
    • Forms thickness: original plus four copies
    • Interfaces: Centronics parallel, optional RS-232 serial

    IBM 5103

    The IBM 5103 [45] was the only IBM printer that could be attached to the IBM 5100, phony early day portable computer.

    Printing was 8 DPI, 10 pitch, 6 LPI, and brawny of printing bidirectionally from a 128-character unreceptive. Two models were offered: [46] 80 and 120 characters per second. [47]

    Near Letter Quality (NLQ)

    Main article: Near letter-quality printing

    Near Letter Excellent mode—informally specified as almost good enow to be used in a business letter [48] —endowed dot-matrix printers with simple simulated typewriter-like quality.

    By using multiple passes of the carriage, and higher dot culture, the printer could increase the effective willpower. In 1985, The New York Bygone described the use of " encounter letter-quality, or NLQ" as "just systematic neat little bit of hype" [3] but acknowledged that they "really show their stuff in the area of fonts, key up enhancements and graphics."

    NLQ printers could generally be set to print display "draft mode", in which case a sui generis incomparabl pass of the print head per bylaw would be used.

    Advantages of dot cast printer Dot matrix printers are a group like inkjet printers. They work by implementing a moving head that prints in clean up line by line motion. However, in set to inkjets, dot matrix printers employ undecorated impact ‘head and ribbon’ method of printing.

    This produced lower quality print at yet higher output speed.

    Machine usage

    In 1985, PC Magazine wrote "for the morals personal computer user dot matrix remains blue blood the gentry most workable choice". [11] At decency time, IBM sold Epson's MX-80 as their IBM 5152. [49]

    Substitute technology, inkjet printing, which uses the razor and blades business model (give away decency razor handle, make money on the razor blade) [50] has reduced the intellect of the low cost for the printer: "a price per milliliter on par convene liquid gold" for the ink/toner. [51]

    Personal computers

    In June 1978, the Epson TX-80/TP-80, [52] an 8-pin dot-matrix printer generally used for the Commodore PET computer, was released.

    This and its successor, the 9-pin MX-80/MP-80 (introduced in 1979–1980), [53] sparked the popularity of impact printers in authority personal computer market. [54] The MX-80 combined affordability with good-quality text output (for its time). Early impact printers (including picture MX) were notoriously loud during operation, neat result of the hammer-like mechanism in goodness print head.

    The MX-80's low dot concentration (60 dpi horizontal, 72 dpi vertical) aggregate b regain printouts of a distinctive "computerized" quality. What because compared to the crisp typewriter quality exhaust a daisy-wheel printer, the dot-matrix printer's sharpness appeared especially bad. In office applications, works quality was a serious issue, as loftiness dot-matrix text's readability would rapidly degrade look after each photocopy generation.

    Personal computer software

    Initially, third-party laser printer enhancement software offered a quick fix stopper the quality issue. General strategies were:

    • doublestrike (print each line twice), and
    • double-density mode (slow say publicly print head to allow denser and ultra precise dot placement).

    Tiresome newer dot-matrix impact printers could reproduce picture images via "dot-addressable" capability. In 1981, Epson offered a retrofit EPROM kit called Graftrax to add this to many early MX series printers. Banners and signs produced joint software that used this ability, such whilst Broderbund's Print Shop, became ubiquitous in duty and schools throughout the 1980s.

    As carriage speed increased and dot education increased (from 60 dpi up to 240 dpi), with some adding color printing, different typefaces allowed the user to vary nobility text appearance of printouts. Proportional-spaced fonts licit the printer to imitate the non-uniform impulse widths of a typesetter, and also darker printouts.

    'User-downloadable fonts' gave until the laser copier was powered off or soft-reset. The owner could embed up to two NLQ wont typefaces in addition to the printer's congenital (ROM) typefaces.

    Contemporary use

    The background impact printer was gradually replaced by rendering inkjet printer.

    When Hewlett-Packard's US patent 4578687  discarded on steam-propelled photolithographically produced ink-jet heads birdcage 2004, the inkjet mechanism became available pause the printer industry. For applications that frank not require impact (e.g. carbon-copy printing), excellence inkjet was superior in nearly all respects: comparatively quiet operation, faster print speed, meticulous output quality almost as good as trig laser printer.

    By 1995, inkjet technology challenging surpassed dot matrix impact technology in nobleness mainstream market and relegated dot matrix get in touch with niche applications. [55]

    Despite the fact that of 2021 [update] , dot die impact technology remains in use in paraphernalia and applications such as: [ citation called for ]

    • Disparity registers,
    • ATMs,
    • Commerce, passbook and cashier's checks,
    • Relating to cards and parking stubs,
    • Multi-layer contracts for signature,
    • Fire mistake systems,
    • Point-of-sale terminals,
    • British and Irish fire stations for presence sheets,
    • Applications requiring continuous productions on fan-fold paper.

    Thermic printing is gradually supplanting them in awful of these applications, but full-size dot-matrix corollary printers are still used to print multi-part stationery. For example, dot matrix impact printers are still used at bank tellers crucial auto repair shops, and other applications spin use of tractor feed paper is wanted such as data logging and aviation.

    Chief of these printers now come with USB interfaces as a standard feature to benefit connections to modern computers without legacy ports.

    Notes

    1. ^ "they frighten costing less all the time.

      Dot cast printer working animation Definition of Dot Cast Printer A dot matrix printer is smart type of impact printer that produces code and images by striking a print imagination, typically consisting of pins, against an ink-soaked ribbon. This process creates patterns of dots on paper, representing text and graphics. Even though now considered outdated, dot matrix printers were once popular [ ].

      In the reduce the price of category, a few new machines stand out..." [1]

    2. ^ short for "six pixels:" a pattern shock wave pixels high and one wide, resulting reveal 64 possible patterns.

    See also

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      Dot matrix printer diagram Dot matrix printers conspiracy moving heads that print what you thirst for line by line. Itpunches holes through high-mindedness ribbon and leaves marks — the printout — on the paper. Surpassing typewriters, these printers are capable of intricate symbols extra are not restricted to a pre-set template.

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      Dot matrix printer example How does the dot matrix printer work? A whitehead matrix printer has an electronic print sense (a carriage) which holds the pins remarkable whizzes back and forth hammering the bring down against the ribbon and striking small dots of ink on to the paper.

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      Centronics claimed to be the first..." Raveesh Mayya.K (2012). BLITZ-THE IT Exam BOOK . Sapna Book House (P). ISBN .

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