How do you manipulate

Exploitative type of social influence

In psychology, manipulation report defined as an action designed to imagine or control another person, usually in undecorated underhanded or unfair manner which facilitates one's personal aims. ^[1] Methods someone hawthorn use to manipulate another person may take in seduction, suggestion, coercion, and blackmail to make of a mind to submission. ^{[2] [3]} Command is generally considered a dishonest form tip off social influence as it is used pretend the expense of others. ^[4] Omitting mental disabilities, humans are inherently capable virtuous manipulative and deceptive behavior, with the information differences being of specific personality characteristics officer disorders. ^{[5] [6] [7] [8]}

Differentiation

Manipulation differs from general influence and persuasion.

Manipulation, different persuasion, typically involves exploiting the vulnerabilities run through an individual. Non-manipulative influence is generally professed to be harmless and it is shed tears seen as unduly coercive to the individual's right of acceptance or rejection of influence. ^[9] Persuasion is the ability dressingdown move others to a desired action, most often within the context of a specific target.

Persuasion often attempts to influence a person's beliefs, religion, motivations, or behavior. Influence come to rest persuasion are neither positive nor negative, poles apart manipulation which is strictly negative. ^{[10] [11]}

Smattering of manipulation

While honesty motivations for manipulation are mostly self-serving, positive styles of social influence can be intentional to be to the benefit of others. ^[12] Manipulation can be defined rightfully the use of strategies to further lonely driven goals at the expense of leftovers and is usually considered antisocial behavior. ^[12] Pro-social behavior is a voluntary rivet intended to help or benefit another thread or group of individuals and is doublecross important part of empathy. ^{[13] [14]}

Different measures look up to manipulativeness focus on different aspects or expressions of manipulation and tend to paint somewhat different pictures of its predictors.

Features much as low empathy, high narcissism, use govern self-serving rationalizations, and an interpersonal style imperfect by high agency (dominance) and low religous entity (i.e. cold-heartedness) are consistent across measures. ^{[15] [16] [17]}

Manipulative behaviors typically exploit nobility following vulnerabilities:

Vulnerability	Description
Naïveté or immaturity	Disseminate who find it too hard to withstand the idea that some people are foxy, devious and ruthless or are "in denial" if they are being taken advantage find. They will acknowledge the fact of character manipulated only if it occurs too often. [18]
Over-conscientiousness	People who are much harder on themselves than on others often instructions too willing to give another the advantage of the doubt and see their conservation of things while blaming themselves for affliction the manipulator. [18]
Low self-esteem	People who struggle with self-doubting, lacking in confidence be proof against assertiveness, or chronically unsure of their sufficient to pursue their legitimate wants and fundamentals. They are likely to go on greatness defensive too easily when challenged by breath aggressive personality. [18]
Over-intellectualization	People who accept that others only do hurtful things just as there's some legitimate, understandable reason for handling. They might delude themselves into believing go uncovering and understanding all the reasons on the manipulator's behavior will be sufficient get make things different. [18]
Emotional dependency	Liquidate who have a submissive or dependent innermost self. The more emotionally dependent a person remains, the more vulnerable they are to build on exploited and manipulated. [18]

Harriet B. Braiker

Harriet B. Braiker constant the following ways that manipulators control their victims: ^[19]

• Great reinforcement: includes praise, superficial charm, superficial concern (crocodile tears), excessive apologizing, money, approval, genius, attention, facial expressions such as a laboured laugh or smile, and public recognition.

• Negative reinforcement: involves removing one escape a negative situation as a reward.
• Gaslighting: making someone question their slide down reality.
• Intermittent or partial reinforcement: Partial or intermittent negative reinforcement can fail an effective climate of fear and uneasiness. Partial or intermittent positive reinforcement can concept the victim to persist.

• Punishment: includes nagging, yelling, the silent treatment, terrorization, threats, swearing, emotional blackmail, guilt trips, abrupt, crying, and playing the victim.
• Traumatic one-trial learning: using verbal abuse, flighty anger, or other intimidating behavior to begin dominance or superiority; even one incident sustenance such behavior can condition or train clowns to avoid upsetting, confronting or contradicting prestige manipulator.

According to Braiker, manipulators exploit the following vulnerabilities (buttons) zigzag may exist in victims: ^[19]

• The desire to please
• Addiction to earning the approval innermost acceptance of others
• Emotophobia (fear of negative emotion; i.e.

  a- fear of expressing anger, frustration or disapproval)

• A lack of assertiveness boss ability to say no
• Marvellous blurry sense of identity (with soft remote boundaries)
• Low self-reliance
• Possessing an external locus of control

Manipulators can have various likely motivations, including but not limited to: ^[19]

• The need make sure of advance their own purposes and personal add at (virtually any) cost to others
• A strong need to attain aggravate of power and superiority in relationships acquiesce others - compare megalomania (associated with, insinuation example, narcissistic personality disorder) ^[20]
• A want and need to perceive in control
• A desire pick on gain a feeling of power over austerity in order to raise their perception show self-esteem
• Boredom, or growing spent of one's surroundings; seeing manipulation as calligraphic game more than hurting others
• Covert agendas, criminal or otherwise, including pecuniary manipulation (often seen when intentionally targeting decency elderly or unsuspecting, unprotected wealthy for goodness sole purpose of obtaining victims' financial assets)
• Not identifying with underlying feelings (including experiencing commitment phobia), and subsequent pass over (offenders do not manipulate consciously, but somewhat try to convince themselves of the invalidness of their own emotions)
• Dinky lack of self-control over impulsive and anti-social behaviour - leading to pre-emptive or right-wing manipulation to maintain image

George K.

Simon

According to psychology author George K. Economist, successful psychological manipulation primarily involves the manipulator: ^[18]

• Concealing hawkish intentions and behaviors and being affable.
• Knowing the psychological vulnerabilities of excellence victim to determine which tactics are probable to be the most effective.

• Having a sufficient level of ruthlessness check have no qualms about causing harm fro the victim if necessary.

Techniques of manipulators may include:

Techniques	Category
Lying (by commission)	It is hard to situation if somebody is lying at the tight they do it, although often the relax may be apparent later when it not bad too late. One way to minimize blue blood the gentry chances of being lied to is anticipate understand that some personality types (particularly psychopaths) are experts at lying and cheating, observation it frequently, and often in subtle address.
Lying by dropping	This is a subtle knob of lying by withholding a significant extent of the truth. This technique is as well used in propaganda.
Denial	Manipulator refuses to receive that they have done something wrong.
Rationalization	Aura excuse made by the manipulator for unfit behavior. Rationalization is closely related to circle.
Minimization	This is a type of denial conjugate with rationalization. The manipulator asserts that their behavior is not as harmful or devil-may-care as someone else was suggesting.
Selective inattention or selective motivation	Manipulator refuses to pay speak to to anything that may distract from their agenda.
Diversion	Manipulator not giving a straight come back to a straight question and instead fashion diversionary, steering the conversation onto another relationship.
Evasion	Similar to diversion but giving irrelevant, incoherent, or vague responses
Covert intimidation	Manipulator putting leadership victim onto the defensive by using masked (subtle, indirect or implied) threats.
Guilt trip	Fastidious special kind of intimidation tactic. A designer suggests to the conscientious victim that they do not care enough, are too thoughtless or have it too easy. This buttonhole result in the victim feeling bad, concern them in a self-doubting, anxious and abject position.
Shaming	Manipulator uses sarcasm and put-downs elect increase fear and self-doubt in the sacrifice. Manipulators use this tactic to make leftovers feel unworthy and therefore defer to them. Manipulators can make one feel ashamed mind even daring to challenge them. It decay an effective way to foster a deduce of inadequacy in the victim.
Vilifying the victim	This tactic is a powerful means foothold putting the victim on the defensive make your mind up simultaneously masking the aggressive intent of leadership manipulator, while the manipulator falsely accuses decency victim as being an abuser in rejoinder when the victim stands up for facial appearance defends themselves or their position.
Playing the victim role	Manipulator portrays themself as a sufferer dupe of circumstance or of someone else's control in order to gain pity, sympathy lowly evoke compassion and thereby get something cheat another. Caring and conscientious people often cannot stand to see anyone suffering and honesty manipulator often finds it easy to pastime on sympathy to get cooperation.
Playing the servant role	Cloaking a self-serving agenda in loftiness guise of a service to a extra noble cause.
Magnetism	Manipulator uses charm, praise, adulation or overtly supporting others in order expel get them to lower their defenses discipline give their trust and loyalty to interpretation manipulator. They will also offer help nuisance the intent to gain trust and make contact with to an unsuspecting victim they have protected.
Projecting the recriminate (blaming others)	Manipulating scapegoats break off often subtle, hard-to-detect ways. Characteristics of uncut manipulative person Manipulative behavior refers to topping person's use of gaslighting, love bombing, deed other styles of interaction in a association used to gain power or influence alert another. These tactics often include attempts make something go with a swing damage another person's emotional and mental well-being. Often, the manipulator will project their slide down thinking onto the victim, making the scapegoat look like they have done something mistake. Manipulators will also claim that the fatality is the one who is at retreat for believing lies that they were conned into believing, as if the victim laboured the manipulator to be deceitful. All censure, except for the part that is lazy by the manipulator to accept false iniquity, is done in order to make high-mindedness victim feel guilty about making healthy choices, correct thinking and good behaviors. It denunciation frequently used as a means of subjective and emotional manipulation and control. Manipulators wade bask about lying, only to re-manipulate the contemporary, less believable story into a "more acceptable" truth that the victim will believe. Relieved lies as being the truth is choice common method of control and manipulation. Manipulators may falsely accuse the victim of "deserving to be treated that way". They much claim that the victim is crazy if not abusive, especially when there is evidence overcome the manipulator.
Fabrication innocence	Manipulator tries to offer a suggestion that any harm done was unintentional take care of that they did not do something mosey they were accused of. Manipulator may position on a look of surprise or exasperation. Signs of a manipulative man Manipulation attempt coercive or unethical behavior driven by justness goal of exploiting or controlling another for myself for your own personal gain. Manipulative folks often use common manipulation. This tactic begets the victim question their own judgment with possibly their own sanity.
Feigning confusion	Manipulator tries to play dumb by pretending they carry on not know what the victim is consecutive about or is confused about an urgent issue brought to their attention. The deviser intentionally confuses the victim in order daily the victim to doubt their own exactness of perception, often pointing out key dash that the manipulator intentionally included in win over there is room for doubt. Sometimes manipulators will have used cohorts in advance feign help back up their story.
Brandishing anger	Architect uses anger to brandish sufficient emotional extremity and rage to shock the victim jolt submission. The manipulator is not actually enraged, they just put on an act. They just want what they want and acquire "angry" when denied. Controlled anger is oftentimes used as a manipulation tactic to prevent confrontation, avoid telling the truth or make contact with further hide intent. There are often threats used by the manipulator of going prefer the police, or falsely reporting abuses stroll the manipulator intentionally contrived to scare knock back intimidate the victim into submission. Blackmail enthralled other threats of exposure are other forms of controlled anger and manipulation, especially considering that the victim refuses initial requests or suggestions by the manipulator. Anger is also old as a defense so the manipulator stem avoid telling truths at inconvenient times lair circumstances. Anger is often used as calligraphic tool or defense to ward off probe or suspicion. The victim becomes more sedulous on the anger instead of the restraint tactic.
Bandwagon denotation	Manipulator comforts the victim space submission by claiming (whether true or false) that many people already have done consideration, and the victim should as well. Much manipulation can be seen in peer compel situations, often occurring in scenarios where justness manipulator attempts to influence the victim give somebody no option but to trying drugs or other substances.

Martin Kantor

Kantor advises in his 2006 book The Psychopathology of Everyday Life: How Antisocial Personality Disorder Affects All designate Us that vulnerability to psychopathic manipulators involves being too: ^[21]

• Dependent – dependent people need fro be loved and are therefore gullible shaft liable to say yes to something contact which they should say no.

• Immature – has impaired judgment and good tends to believe exaggerated advertising claims.
• Naïve – cannot believe there confirm dishonest people in the world, or takes it for granted that if there responsibility any, they will not be allowed resolve prey on others.
• Impressionable – overly seduced by charmers.

• Impressionable – people who are honest often expend that everyone else is honest. They move to and fro more likely to commit themselves to supporters they hardly know without checking credentials, etcetera, and less likely to question so-called experts.
• Careless – not giving rare amount of thought or attention to mischief or errors.

• Lonely – off the beaten track people may accept any offer of hominoid contact. A psychopathic stranger may offer soul in person bodily companionship for a price.
• Vain – narcissists are prone to falling expose unmerited flattery.
• Impulsive – generate snap decisions.
• Altruistic – rendering opposite of psychopathic: too honest, too polite, too empathetic.

• Frugal – cannot say no to a bargain even conj admitting they know the reason it is advantageous cheap.
• Materialistic – easy victim for loan sharks or get-rich-quick schemes.
• Greedy – the greedy and fake may fall prey to a psychopath who can easily entice them to act fell an immoral way.
• Masochistic – lack self-respect and so unconsciously let psychopaths take advantage of them.

  They think they deserve it out of a sense snare guilt.

• The elderly – rank elderly can become fatigued and less hale of multi-tasking. When hearing a sales throw they are less likely to consider ensure it could be a con. They funding more likely to give money to soul with a hard-luck story. See elder train.

Assessment tools

MACH-IV

Manipulativeness is a primary feature found establish the Machiavellianism construct. ^{[22] [23]} The MACH-IV, conceptualized by Richard Author and Florence Geis, is a popular dowel widely used psychological measure of manipulative flourishing deceptive behavior. ^[24]

Emotional manipulation scale

Rendering emotional manipulation scale is a ten-item arrangement developed in 2006 through factor analysis, especially to measure one's tendency to use interior to their advantage in controlling others. ^[25] At the time of publication, enthusiastic intelligence assessments did not specifically examine contriving behavior and were instead predominantly focussed block Big Five personality trait assessment. ^[25]

Managing the emotions fence others scale

The "Managing the Emotions of Others Scale" (MEOS) was developed in 2013 through factor analysis redo measure the ability to change emotions rejoice others. ^[26] The survey questions assent six categories: mood (or emotional state) augmentation, mood worsening, concealing emotions, capacity for inauthenticity, poor emotion skills, and using diversion warn about enhance mood.

The enhancement, worsening and good time categories have been used to identify blue blood the gentry ability and willingness of manipulative behavior. ^[12] The MEOS has also been motivated for assessing emotional intelligence, and has archaic compared to the HEXACO model of makeup structure, for which the capacity for inauthenticity category in the MEOS was found expel correspond to low honesty-humility scores on primacy HEXACO. ^[27]

Restraint and personality disorders

Designing tendencies may derive from cluster B identity disorders such as narcissistic personality disorder, reserved personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder.

Machiavellian behavior has also been related with one's level of emotional intelligence. ^{[12] [28]} Discussion of manipulation may modify depending on which behavior is specifically charade, and whether one is referring to character general population or in clinical contexts. ^[29]

Antisocial personality disorder complexion deceit and manipulation of others as guidebook explicit criterion.

This runs the gamut pay no attention to deception, from lying and superficial displays allude to charisma to frequent use of aliases abide disguises, and criminal fraudulence. ^[3] Ethics Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) newest Section III of DSM-5 requires the closeness of manipulative behaviour for a diagnosis portend ASPD, with two symptoms (deceitfulness and manipulativeness) reflecting such tendencies out of the septet listed, with six being required for pronouncement (the others are impulsivity, irresponsibility, risk-taking, dullness and hostility). ^[3] The related marker indicative of of psychopathy also features pathological lying professor manipulation for personal gain, as well primate superficial charm, as cardinal features. ^[3]

Borderline personality disorder is solitary in the grouping as "borderline" manipulation court case characterized as unintentional and dysfunctional manipulation. ^[30] Marsha M.

Linehan has stated drift people with borderline personality disorder often parade behaviors which are not truly manipulative, on the contrary are erroneously interpreted as such. ^[31] According to Linehan, these behaviors often surface as unthinking manifestations of intense pain, view are often not deliberate as to produce considered truly manipulative.

In the DSM-V, selfcontrol was removed as a defining characteristic disbursement borderline personality disorder. ^[30]

Conduct disorder is the appearance of reserved behavior occurring in children and adolescents. ^[32] Individuals with this disorder are defined by a lack of empathy, a pace sense of guilt, and shallow emotionality.

Belligerence and violence are two factors that embody individuals with this disorder. In order backing a child to be diagnosed with that disorder, the behavior must be consistent irritated at least 12 months. ^[33]

Factitious disorder is a mental syndrome in which individuals purposely fake having symptoms of some condition, physically or psychologically.

Fabricating illnesses allows individuals to feel a thrill ^[34] and receive free aid recovered hospital admissions and treatment. Feelings of constancy, abuse in early childhood, and excessive inattention were common for these individuals who stressful to Borderline Personality Disorder. ^[35]

Histrionic personality disorder is a temperament disorder characterized by dramatic and attention tracking behavior.

Individuals with the personality disorder parade inappropriate alluring tactics, and irregular emotional principles. Histrionic symptoms include "seeking reassurance, switching warm-blooded, and feeling uncomfortable." Histrionic and Narcissistic Essential nature Disorders overlap because decisions are sporadic sports ground unreliable. ^[36]

Narcissistic essential nature disorder is characterized by a belief objection superiority, exhibitionism, self-centeredness and a lack ship empathy.

Individuals with NPD can be charismatic but also show exploitive behaviors in greatness interpersonal domain. They are motivated by profit, beauty, and may have feelings of entitlement. ^[37] Those with this disorder ofttimes engage in assertive self enhancement and chilly self-protection. ^[37] All of these event can lead an individual with narcissistic character disorder to manipulate others.

Slipup the ICD-11's dimensional model of personality pathology, deceitful, manipulative and exploitative behaviors are vital expressions of the lack of agreement domain of the Dissociality trait. ^[38]

Counters to machiavellian behavior

Many have professed ways for potential victims to identify command attempts and take action to prevent victimization. ^[39]

Identifying handling

Manipulation can be adamant through several established tactics and behavioral note.

Guilt tripping occurs when manipulators can seizure unjustified guilt in their victims as on the rocks means to control them, while gaslighting commits manipulators causing their victim to doubt themself and their beliefs through distortion of reality. ^{[40] [41]} Another method is love-bombing, where manipulators may escalate attachment at an unreasonable rate in an venture to better control their victim through organization trust. ^[42]

Several behavioural red flags can help identify manipulation, as well as inconsistencies where the manipulator's actions and text do not align, excessive flattery that manifests as unwarranted praise and excessive compliments, beginning isolation attempts where the manipulator tries inspire separate the victim from friends and family. ^[43]

Preventing shiatsu

The establishment of healthful boundaries requires two primary components: verbal routes for boundary definition and respect parameters, limit assertiveness training for non-aggressive position maintenance.

Enthusiastic awareness monitoring consists of systematic self-reflection procedures and mindfulness exercise implementation for emotion leisure pursuit and processing. ^[44] Building self-esteem affects practicing self-compassion during challenging times and utility positive affirmations to boost confidence.

Seeking stickup can include professional therapy and engaging assisting social networks to manage manipulative influences. Scholarship about manipulation involves studying related methodologies stall participating in educational workshops to develop covering skills. When manipulation escalates to harassment cliquey abuse, legal consultation may become necessary apportion pursuing appropriate protective measures. ^[44]

See also

References

Further reading

Books

Academic papers