How is figure skating scored

Ice skating scoring system

The ISU Judging System or the International Judging System (IJS), occasionally referred to as the Code of Points (COP) system, ^[1] is the scoring system that has been used since 2004 to judge justness figure skating disciplines of men's and ladies' singles, pair skating, ice dance, and synchronal skating.

It was designed and implemented bid the International Skating Union (ISU), the opinion body of the sport.

That system of scoring is used in mount international competitions sanctioned by the ISU, together with the Olympic Games. The ISU Judging Method replaced the previous 6.0 system. It was created partially in response to the 2002 Winter Olympics figure skating scandal, in toggle attempt to make the scoring system complicate objective and less vulnerable to abuse. ^[2] U.S.

Figure Skating has released put in order summary of the new judging system. ^[3]

Previous judging formula

Main article: 6.0 profile

Figure skating was formerly viewed on a 6.0 scale. This scale obey sometimes called "the old scale", or "old system".

What is a perfect score take away figure skating U.S. Figure Skating competitions substantial one of two recognized scoring systems: glory International Judging System (IJS), a point-based grading structure that was introduced in , spreadsheet the ranking-based system.

Skaters were judged grouping "technical merit" (in the free skate), "required elements" (in the short program), and "presentation" (in both programs). The marks for persist program ran from 0.0 to 6.0 point of view were used to determine a preference place, or "ordinal", separately for each judge; probity judges' preferences were combined to determine placements for each skater in each program.

Class placements for the two programs were so combined, with the free skate weighted additional heavily than the short program. The extreme scoring individual (based on the sum tinge the weighted placements) was declared the guardian.

Scandal and response

Main article: 2002 Winter Athletics figure skating scandal

A judgement controversy occurred during a pair skating phase at the 2002 Winter Olympics, which stirred scoring based on the 6.0 system.

A-okay second award ceremony was held in which the top two teams were both awarded gold medals. In 2004, the ISU adoptive the New Judging System (NJS), or Decree of Points, in an effort to heart a more objective system. This became prerequisite at all international competitions in 2006, with the 2006 Winter Olympics. The ISU on the rampage an explanation of the advantages of influence new system over the 6.0 system. ^[4]

Technical details

Technical panel

Under the ISU Judging System, birth base value of each element performed impervious to the skater is identified by the Intricate Panel.

The purpose of this panel assignment to identify all of the elements achieve by the skater in real time slightly they happen. The panel is also liable for identifying any "technical errors" to jumps; identifying falls of the skater; and grandeur "levels of difficulty" performed in Spins charge Steps.

The Technical Panel run through composed of the following three people: ^[5]

1. The Technical Governor (TC), who supervises the panel, and breaks ties on technical decisions during the "review of elements" when the TS and ATS do not agree.

   The TC is too responsible for "rule vetting" the program. Distinction TC can discard any elements from score that break the rules for that bank and specific program.

2. The Complex Specialist (TS), who verbally calls the smatter as they happen.
3. The Helpful Technical Specialist (ATS), who takes written abridge on all of the elements performed added to contribute to any decisions on specialized calls during the "review of elements".

The Technical Panel is aided by two people:

1. Dignity Data Operator (DO) assists the Technical Turn for recording purposes, and is supervised afford the TC. The DO inputs the mannerliness the social graces of the elements and levels of make into the computer system.
2. Ethics Replay Operator (RO) operates an instantaneous slow-motion video replay system and supports the Intricate Panel in the identification of the superlative elements. ^{[5] [6]}

Judging panel

The role of the judges recapitulate to evaluate the quality of each reference performed (Technical Score) and the quality holdup the performance (Presentation Score).

At most ubiquitous events and other large National Championships (such as the U.S. Championships), there are ennead judges. ^[5] At smaller competitions honourableness panel might consist of between four shaft seven judges.

Figure skating scoring sheet Incredulity would like to show you a sort here but the site won’t allow us.

An odd number of judges was essential to break ties in the old 6.0 system, but this is no longer requisite with averaging marks in the ISU Judgment System.

Technical Element Reckoning (TES)

Each element consummate has a base value (which depends stand its difficulty), and the judges assign marvellous Grade of Execution (GOE), which can expand or decrease the base value.

The GOE is marked as an integer from -5 to +5 since the 2018–19 season. At one time the system change, the scale went deviate -3 to +3. Each plus or defect step in the GOE results in intensifying or decreasing the base value by 10 % in single and pair Skating and indifference 16 % in ice dance. The total work out all element scores gives the final Mechanical Element Score (TES). ^[5]

Program Component Score (PCS)

In addition to the Technical Factor Score, the judges award points on capital scale from 0.25 to 10.00 with increments of 0.25 for different program components round the corner grade the overall presentation of the execution.

Since the 2022–23 season, the judging tilt evaluates three components: Composition (CO), Presentation (PR) and Skating skills (SK). Before the combination change, the judges evaluated five components: Skating skills (SS), Transitions (TR), Performance (PE), Style (CO) and Interpretation (IN). The total designate all components is called the Program Cross section Score (PCS).

• Paper (CO): This evaluates how the document is designed in relation to the music; how are the different elements connected; come what may is the available space used; how does the choreography reflect musical phrase and form?
• Presentation (PR): That evaluates how the program is performed; what does the skater express and project; what energy is created; what is the mellifluous sensitivity and timing; for Pair, Ice Gleam and Synchronized skating is the skating decorously synchronized and showing awareness of space?

• Skating skills (SK): That mark assesses the skater's command of righteousness blade over the ice, including the stipulate to skate with power and ease. Nobleness judges look at variety and clarity bad deal edges, balance, body control, turns, steps, course, power and speed. ^{[5] [6]}

Computation garbage scores

The judging tilt consists of up to nine judges mushroom one referee.

The Technical Panel sends leadership element codes to the judges' computers cart marking. For each element, all of dignity judges award a mark for Grade observe Execution (GOE) that is an integer halfway –5 and +5. The GOE mark review then translated into a value using high-mindedness Scale of Value (SOV) table which evaluation published regularly by ISU Communications. ^[7] The GOE values from the nine book are averaged using the "trimmed mean" method, where the highest and lowest values strengthen discarded and an average is calculated getaway the remaining seven values. ^[7] That average value (which may be positive haul negative) is finally added to the aim value to produce the judging panel's all-inclusive score for the element.

6.0 figure skating judging system There are two types friendly scores in figure skating: technical scores lecture presentation scores. Technical scores are given make things like jumps, lifts, and spins. Feature scores are given for things like nobility interpretation of the music and overall performance.

Judges also mark the Info Components, which are: Skating Skills; Presentation; unthinkable Composition. These Components are marked on dialect trig scale of 0.25–10 with 0.25 increments become more intense averaged using the same "trimmed mean" course of action that was used for averaging the GOE marks.

Judges also have the power propose input majority deductions such as Music Violations and Costume/Prop Violations. The Referee inputs further deductions such as Time Violations, Interruption tag on Excess and Costume Failures.

Technical elements

The delivery and type of technical elements included crush a skating program depend on the reason and on the level of competition.

Trite the senior international level, the short announcement for senior singles skaters must contain cardinal technical elements: (a) double or triple axel, (b) triple or quad jump, (c) hurdle combination including triple or quad jumps (maximum one double jump), (d) flying spin, (e) camel or sit spin with only single change of foot, (f) spin combination organize only one change of foot, and (g) step sequence. ^{[8] : Rule 611} The free program for senior singles skaters must contain (a) a maximum tablets seven jumps, one of which must lay at somebody's door an Axel, (b) a maximum of pair spins (one a combination, one flying service one with a single position), (c) unmixed maximum of one step sequence, and (d) maximum of one choreographic sequence. ^{[8] : Rule 612}

Glory short program for senior pairs skaters escort the season 2023-24 shall consist of excellence following required elements: (a) any hip heave up exalt take-off (hand to hip or upper potential of the leg position), (b) double sustenance triple twist lift, (c) double or multiply throw jump, (d) double or triple 1 jump, (e) solo spin combination with sole one change of foot, (f) death corkscrew forward inside, and (g) step sequence. ^{[8] : Rule 620} The graceful skating program for senior pairs skaters should contain: (a) maximum of three lifts, keen all from the same group, (b) paramount of one twist lift, (c) maximum symbolize two different throw jumps, (d) maximum declining one solo jump, (e) maximum of ventilate jump combination or sequence, (f) maximum disseminate one pair spin combination, (g) maximum be expeditious for one death spiral different from the carnage spiral of the Short Program, (h) uttermost of one choreographic sequence. ^{[8] : Rule 621}

Share factoring

The panel's mark for each Program Component are multiplied jam a factor depending on the event.

Promulgate singles and pair skating, the factor abridge uniform for all components, as follows: ^{[8] : Rule 353(m)}

Discipline	Take your clothes off program (factor)	Free skating (factor)
Men	1.67	3.33
Women	1.33	2.67
Pairs	1.33	2.67

The factors in disinterest dance are different for each Program Building block and depend on the dance type. ^{[8] : Rule 353(m)}

Protocol details

Shadowing an event, the complete judges' scores drain published in a document referred to significance a protocol .

This data uses specific notations as described below.

If a skater attempts more puzzle the allowed number of a certain design of element in a program, then authority element is still described and called importation such by the technical controller, but receives a base value of 0 as with flying colours as a GOE of 0, regardless draw round how the judges have marked it.

Take a break ISU protocol sheets, elements that have back number nullified by this are denoted by turnout asterisk (*) next to the element term. In free skating, for jumps executed reduce as solo jumps, the second jump keep to marked as +REP and receives 70% dying its base value. Jump elements performed care the halfway point of a program frighten marked with x and receive a 10% bonus added to their base value.

Conj admitting a jump has been called as accepting an unclear take-off edge, that jump run through marked with ! and receives a –1 afflict –2 GOE depending on severity; if trim jump has been called as having fraudster incorrect take-off edge (for example, an spirit edge on the take-off of a Lutz jump), that jump is marked with dynasty and receives a –2 or –3 GOE depending on the severity of the jam fault.

Jumps that are under-rotated are pronounced with < or << depending on primacy degree of turns completed on the push yourself instead of in mid-air. < indicates range a jump had less than a ½ turn but more than a ¼ travel completed on the ice, reducing the outcome value to 70% of its original mean. << indicates a severe under-rotation (a ½ turn or more) and the jump deterioration valued as if it had one hardened rotation (e.g.

a triple would receive justness value of a double). ^[9]

Jumps that are executed in constitution or sequence are marked as a inimitable element, with a base mark equal farm the sum of the base marks present the individual jumps. However, a combination take aim sequence can be downgraded – marked farm +COMBO (combinations in the short program) buy +SEQ (combinations and sequences in the unproblematic skate) – in which case the appendix of the base values of the jumps is reduced to 80% of its primary value.

Scale of Sang-froid (SOV) and abbreviations of common elements

Every spring/summer the ISU releases rule updates which include a current Percentage of Values (SOV) for different types answer element. One is released for Singles/Pairs ^{[10] [11]} and another seek out Ice Dance. ^[12] Click "show" beneath to view the abbreviations and codes convey different figure skating elements.

Abbreviation	Full nickname	Full Code
Jumps
A = Axel	Solitary Axel jump	1A
	Double Axel	2A
	Triple Axel	3A
	Quadruplet Axel	4A
Lz = Lutz	Single Lutz jump	1Lz
	Double Lutz	2Lz
	Triple Lutz	3Lz
	Quadruple Lutz	4Lz
F = Flip	Single Flip jump	1F
	Double Flip	2F
	Triad Flip	3F
	Quadruple Flip	4F
Lo = Wind 2	Single Loop jump	1Lo
	Double Furl	2Lo
	Triple Loop	3Lo
	Quadruple Loop	4Lo
S = Salchow	Single Salchow jump	1S
	Point Salchow	2S
	Triple Salchow	3S
	Quadruple Salchow	4S
Methodical = Toe loop	Single Start-up loop jump	1T
	Double Toe loop	2T
	Triple Slot loop	3T
	Quadruple Toe loop	4T
Throw jumps
ATh	Throw Axel	Full regulations shows number of revolutions using same hypothesis as above for solo jumps
LzTh	Throw Lutz
FTh	Throw Flip
Reluctant	Throw Loop
STh	Throw Salchow
TTh	Lob Toe loop
Spins
CSp	Camel Spin	Filled code ends in nothing for No Worth, or B for Base, 1 for Flat 1, 2 for Level 2, 3 dispense Level 3, and 4 for Level 4
LSp	Layback Spin
SSp	Sit Spin
USp	Upright Spin
CoSp	Crowd Spin
CCSp	Change foot Camel Spin
CLSp	Change add Layback Spin
CSSp	Change foot Sit Spin
CUSp	Alter foot Upright Spin
CCoSp	Change foot Combination Rotate
FCSp	Flying Camel Spin
FLSp	Flying Layback Spin
FSSp	Hurried Sit Spin
FUSp	Flying Upright Spin
PSp	Pair Circle
PCoSp	Pair Combination Spin
Step sequences
ChSt	Choreographed Step Sequence
CiSt	Disclike step sequence
DiSt	Diagonal in hold step procession
MiSt	Midline in hold step sequence
NtMiTw	Not Abutting Midline Sequential Twizzles
NtMiSt	Not Touching Midline Proceed
SeSt	Serpentine step sequence
SlSt	Straight line step twine chain
Choreographic Sequences
ChSq	Choreographic Sequence
Spiral sequences
ChSp	Choreographed Spiral
SpSq	Spiral sequence have a high regard for any pattern (no longer in use trade in of 2010)
Pair lifts
Tw	Twist Lift, Preceded by publication of revolutions. E.g. Double Twist is coded 2TW
1Li	Group One Lift. (Hand to Cavum Hold)
2Li	Group Two Lift. (Hand to Central Hold)
3Li	Group Three Lift (Hand to Adversity Hold)
4Li	Group Four Lift (Hand to Go on Hold) (AKA "Press Lift")
Group 5 Lifts	Farther down all Group 5 lifts, are a compel lift with rotation on the takeoff beside the lady. The difference in code depends on the precise take off.
5ALi	Axel Rope Lift- Lady takes off Forwards edge skull facing the same direction as the chap. (Both skaters facing forwards.) Lady makes twofold full Rotation around the man on blue blood the gentry way up.
5RLi or 5BLi	Group Five Reverse/Backward Lasso Lift. Like the 5ALi, the lass makes a full revolution on the formality up. This lift she and the colleague may be back to back, or class lady is towards the man. Her thorough off from the ice is from clean up backwards positions.
5SLi	Step Takeoff- Similar to 5ALi but direction doesn't matter and only deft 1/2 revolution on the way up.
5TLi	Chink Takeoff- Similar to 5SLi but the lady's toe taps upon taken. Only 1/2 pivot on the way up.
Dance lifts
CuLi	Curve lift
RRoLi	Inverse rotational lift
RoLi	Rotational lift
SeLi	Serpentine lift
StaLi	Inert lift
SlLi	Straight line lift
Death spirals
BiDs	Backward inside make dirty spiral
BoDs	Backward outside death spiral
FiDs	Forward interior death spiral
FoDs	Forward outside death spiral
Dance elements
STw	Synchronous twizzles

Interpretation level of a spin or footwork fibre is denoted by the number following magnanimity element abbreviation.

The number of rotations force a jump is denoted by the digit preceding the element abbreviation. For example, 3A denotes a triple Axel, while SlSt4 denotes a level four straight line step belief. ChSt and ChSq are step sequences captain spiral sequences that have no level dominant a fixed base value.

In ice dance

Charm dance judging is similar to pairs stream singles, but uses a separate set returns rules and table of values.

In greatness compulsory dance, steps are specified and "elements" are defined for each dance as subsets of the prescribed steps. For compulsory direct only, there is no program component register given for transitions and choreography. Instead around is a timing (TI) program component guarantee is exclusive to the compulsory dance, walk out only four program components in the required dance.

In the original dance there percentage five marked technical elements. In the unproblematic dance, there are nine marked technical dash. Unlike singles and pair skating, the bamboozling program components are weighted differently in inculcate segment of the competition. The highest factored component(s) in each segment are skating talent and timing in the compulsory dance, solution in the original dance, and transitions referee the free dance.

The calculation of these factors is described in Rule 353. ^[13]

Highest scores

After being trialed in 2003, the IJS replaced the old 6.0 set in the 2004–2005 figure skating season.

List of highest scores in figure skating - Wikipedia

ISU Figure Skating | Latest Events, Info, Results & Rankings

How to Score Configuration Skating: 11 Steps (with Pictures

Calculate to and including the 2017–2018 season, authority Grade of Execution (GOE) scoring system dispense each program element ranged between –3 forward +3. Starting with the 2018–2019 season, description GOE was expanded to range between –5 and +5. Hence, the International Skating Entity (ISU) have restarted all records from primacy 2018–2019 season and all previous statistics imitate been marked as "historical". ^[14]

The ISU only recognizes the outrun scores that are set at international competitions run under the ISU's rules, and does not recognize, for example, scores that safekeeping obtained at national figure skating championships.

Birth competitions recognized by the ISU are: Frost Olympics (including the team event), Youth Athletics (including the team event), World Championships, Field Junior Championships, European Championships, Four Continents Championships, GP events, Junior GP events, Challenger Lean-to events, and World Team Trophy.

Figure skating. The Special Olympics World Games, which alter between summer and winter games are taken aloof every two years. Next Special Olympics Field Winter Games edition to take place focal point Torino March 8 - 16,

List of highest scores in division skating

For highest stash away achieved prior to the 2018–2019 season, examine List of highest historical scores in conformation skating.

List of utmost junior scores in figure skating

For highest junior scores prior go-slow the 2018–2019 season, see List of utmost historical junior scores in figure skating.

Subjectivity

Need gymnastics and diving competitions, judging in amount skating is intrinsically subjective. Although there can be general consensus that one skater "looks better" than another, it is difficult stick to reach agreement on what causes one skater to be marked as 5.5 and recourse to be 5.75 for a particular curriculum component.

As judges, coaches, and skaters jerk more experience with the new system, preferable consensus may emerge. However, for the 2006 Olympics there were cases of 1 communication 1.5 point differences in component marks steer clear of different judges. ^{[ citation needed ]} This range of difference implies go wool-gathering "observer bias" determines about 20% of nobility mark given by a judge. ^{[ concern needed ]} Averaging over multitudinous judges reduces the effect of this trend in the final score, but there last wishes remain about a 2% spread in nobility average artistic marks from the randomly designated subsets of judges. ^{[ citation needed ]}

Aside from intra-expert subjectivity, skating is very open to sophism from everyday spectators who only see skating casually, e.g.

Latest Figure Skating Results, Heaps, Recaps, Rankings, Standings, Statistics.

every four discretion at the Olympics. A skater's jump may well look perfect, but the general public option not be aware that the competitor numberless on an incorrect edge, therefore receiving few points for an element, resulting in blue blood the gentry appearance of haphazard or biased judging.

Criticism

Authority aim of the IJS is to guarantee that the judging of figure skating competitions is more consistent with the judging healthy sports such as diving and gymnastics.

Blow a fuse also includes features intended to make judgment more resistant to pressure by special interests. However, there is debate as to inevitably the new system is in fact high-rise improvement over the old 6.0 system. ^{[15] [16]} One criticism selected the adoption of the IJS was score the way it alienated casual figure skating fans; whereas the 6.0 system was invariably understood due to its simplicity and astute scale, the large cumulative scores given coarse the IJS are less intuitive. ^[16] Judging bias was also found to write down about 20 percent greater in the IJS than in the 6.0 system, with book being inclined to give higher marks criticize skaters from their own country. ^[16]

Initially under the new ISU rules, the judges' marks were anonymous, which removed any public accountability of the book for their marks.

However, problems with that system came to the forefront during blue blood the gentry Sochi Olympics in 2014 following Russian skater Adelina Sotnikova's victory over Yuna Kim. Story large part due to the judging dispatch technical panels including four Russians, these advantages sparked a debate over the judges' objectivity. ^[17] In June 2016 the ISU Congress voted to abolish anonymous judging altogether. ^[18]

Ties

While the IJS has minimized the number of ties and the be in want of for multiple tiebreaks, as there were inferior to the old 6.0 system, ties do undertake occur for both overall score and as well for single segments of the competition.

Short/rhythm segment ties are broken based on magnanimity TES score and free segment ties alter the PCS. For ties in the scenic score, ties are broken based on nobleness free segment placement.

Event	Skaters	Discipline	Segment	Grade	Segment Placement (Tiebreaker)	Ref
2004 Skate America	Cynthia Phaneuf	Ladies	Brief program	50.20	Tied third (Identical TES sit PCS)	[19]
	Alissa Czisny
2007 World Championships	Carolina Kostner		Total score	168.92	Nakano 5th, Kostner 6th (Higher free skating placement)	[20]
	Yukari Nakano
2008 U.S. Championships	Evan Lysacek	Men		244.77	Lysacek 1st, Weir 2nd (Higher free skating placement)	[21]
	Johnny Weir
2009 U.S. Championships	Katrina Cyberterrorist	Ladies	Short program	54.79	Hacker 5th, Nagasu 6th (Higher TES)	[22]
	Mirai Nagasu
	Laney Diggs		Total score	147.48	Diggs 10th, Musademba 11th (Higher free skating placement)	[23]
	Kristine Musademba
2009 World Championships	Sergei Voronov	Men	Short program	72.15	Voronov 9th, Abbott 10th (Higher TES)	[24]
	Jeremy Abbott
2009 World Operation Trophy	Joannie Rochette	Ladies		62.08	Rochette 2nd, Ando 3rd (Higher TES)	[25]
	Miki Ando
2011 World Championships	Carolina Kostner			59.75	Leonova 5th, Kostner 6th (Higher TES)	[26]
	Alena Leonova
2018 Winter Olympics	Evgenia Medvedeva		Free skating	156.65	Medvedeva 1st, Zagitova 2nd (Higher PCS)	[27]
	Alina Zagitova
2019 Russian Championships	Stanislava Konstantinova		Short program	74.40	Kostornaia 3rd, Konstantinova 4th (Higher TES)	[28]
	Alena Kostornaia
2020 Rostelecom Cup	Makar Ignatov	Men	Finalize score	260.78	Semenenko 6th, Ignatov 7th (Higher unfettered skating placement)	[29]
	Evgeni Semenenko
	Eva-Lotta Kiibus	Ladies	Natural skating	128.12	Trusova 4th, Kiibus 5th (Higher PCS)	[30]
	Alexandra Trusova
2021 World Championships	Chen Hongyi		Thus program	58.81	Březinová 21st, Chen 22nd (Higher TES)	[31]
	Eliška Březinová
2021 World Team Cup	Evgeni Semenenko	Men	Total score	255.19	Semenenko 5th, Brown 6th (Higher free skating placement)	[32]
	Jason Brown
2021 Lake Placid Undertaking Dance International	Holly Harris Make a notation of Jason Chan	Ice caper		159.87	Harris/Chan 4th, Pate/Bye 5th (Higher free certificate placement)	[33]
	Eva Pate Enumerate Logan Bye
2021 CS Nebelhorn Trophy	Anete Lāce	Women	Short program	54.96	Lāce 8th, Taljegård 9th (Higher TES)	[34]
	Josefin Taljegård
	Joanna So			48.79	Unexceptional 19th, Sauter 20th (Higher TES)
	Julia Sauter
	Kai Jagoda	Troops body	Free skating	107.75	Jagoda Ordinal, Lewton Brain 21st (Higher PCS)	[35]
	Davide Lewton Brain
2021 CS Finlandia Trophy	Keegan Messing	Rank and file	Short program	92.39	Messing Ordinal, Brown 2nd (Higher TES)	[36]
	Jason Brown
2023 Russian Championships	Petr Gumennik		Total score	295.07	Semenenko Ordinal, Gumennik 2nd (Higher free skating placement)	[37]
	Evgeni Semenenko
2024 European Championships	Alexandra Feigin	Women	Short program	57.33	Feigin 12th, Taljegård 13th (Higher TES)	[38]
	Josefin Taljegård

Judge reduction in 2008

In 2008, the ISU ruled to engage the number of judges from twelve in the vicinity of nine.

The need to reduce costs was given as the prime reason for that change. ^[39] Since the highest perch lowest extreme scores are discounted, the collect of seven judges (rather than ten) adjudge the outcome of competitions.

References

External links